完成式與完成進行式

在多本文法書中，完成式與完成進行式是一樣的東西，只是完成進行式多帶持續進行的味道，但在國外網站，跟我的外語老師卻不這樣認為。
在我的完成式筆記中完成式有三種含意

1. 經驗
2. 已完成的動作
3. How long，過去到現在持續的動作或狀態

完成進行式符闔第三種意義，他也可形容過去到現在持續的動作，但他並不適合表示經驗或已完成的動作。
我們先就持續動作來討論，兩者時態都表示過去到現在持續的動作或狀態，但之間有微小差別，為什麼說微小差別，因為就文法而言兩者可能都沒錯，只是強調的東西不同。

完成與持續的差別

同樣是過去到現在持續的動作或狀態

完成式著重於

• 動作可能說的時候完成了
• 動作在說的當下之後不會再發生

完成進行式著重於

• 一個連續的動作
• 在說得當下動作還未完成，只有部分完成

例句

I have done my homework.

我已做完功課了

I have been doing my homework.

我已開始做功課了 (強調我已經花時間在做功課了)

重覆的動作

說明：完成式的動作式連續的，而完成進行式的動作有重複的意思。

He has been knocking the door for 10 minutes.
他已敲門十分鐘了 (表示敲一會停一下再敲)
He has knocked the door for 10 minutes.
他已持續敲門十分鐘了

He has been sneezing all the morning.
他整個早上在打噴嚏

由於一個噴嚏只有一秒，無法直接使用完成式，但使用完成進行式，代表他沒事就來個噴嚏，持續一個早上。

Engineers have worked to save the Tower of Pisa!

Engineers have been working to save the Tower of Pisa!

工程師已經開始工作來拯救比薩斜塔。

完成式
完成進行式

(引用 Grammar-Quizzes.com )

總計與比率

說明：完成式在談經驗的時候，常用次數的副詞來搭配，比如說我去過日本兩次，但完成進行式完全不可以如此表示。

I have written 5 letters.

我已寫五封信

I have been writing for an hour.

我寫信已經一小時 (完成進行重點只能強調時程)

常駐與暫時

說明：暫時是完成進行式的特性之一，因為這一點常讓人搞混。

James has lived in this town for 10 years.

詹姆士已住在鎮上十年了 (表示他是常駐居民)

James has been living here for a year.

詹姆士在鎮上住一年了 (表示他是暫時住這)

完成進性式的禁用情況

以下情形不可以用完成進性式

• 總計的時候，He have sold 5 books，對於已完成的事件記數，無法使用完成進行式。
• 被動，被動時請直接使用現在完成式，The book have been sold.
• 動詞特性，某些動詞無法ING，當然也無法完成進行式。如表示感覺或感情的詞，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。 表示存在或所屬的詞，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。 表示認識或理解的詞，如：understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。再比如表示結果的動詞，如：find表示找到，那就也不能加ing,see表示看見時，也不能加ing 。

參考：

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro

我的完成式筆記

簡述：完成式就是 Up to now，到目前為止，與現在有關的動作或狀態。
詳述用法：

1. 經驗
2. 已完成的動作
3. How long，過去到現在持續的動作或狀態

經驗

說明：沒有特別提到時間，句尾加了次數的完成式句子，通常就是指經驗。

I have met him once [twice].
我見過他一[兩]次。

He has visited me several times.
他訪問過我幾次。

Jason has gone to New Zealand.

He has been to Rain's concert.

How many times have you gone to Wu Lai?

Have you ever been kissed by a dog?

She has never been on a date.

A:Have you been to Japan?
B:Yes, I have often been to Japan.
B:I have been there many times.

題外話：我的外語老師說 I have been to Japan. 跟 I have gone to Japan. 是一樣的東西。暫且相信他，雖然國中英語老師說不一樣。可參考此。

搭配的副詞:

頻率副詞，如：often、always、never、ever。或者直接表明次數，如：once、twice、~times。時間副詞用於表經驗的完成式的話，可用 before。

已完成的動作

說明：生活日常的小動作，比如吃飯，用以表示到目前為止動作的完成，我們不會說吃飯為經驗而是已完成的動作，通常會與 already、yet 搭配。

I have finished my work.

我已完成我的工作了。

Mr. White has already left the office.

懷特先生已離開辦公室。

Mr. White has just left, but he will be back at three o'clock.

I haven't seen the movie yet.

搭配的時間副詞:

一些包含現在但還未結束的時間，適合來搭配表已完成動作的完成式。

Today、Lately、Recently、Now、This morning\afternoon\evening\day\week\month\year。

Have you read the newspaper today?

你今天讀了這份報紙了嗎?

What have you been doing lately?

最近還好嗎？

I have not worked hard this week.

We have had very little rain this year.

Has Kevin taken a shower today?

持續

說明：通常完成式中出現一段時間，十之七八就是表示從過去到現在持續的動作。

I have lived here for ten years.

我住在已經十年了 (現在仍住在這)

John has known him since ten years ago.

約翰十年前就認識他了

It has been five years since I join the company.

進這家公司已經五年了

He has been absent for many days.

How long has Kevin known Jason?

He has not played with Mary in a week.

搭配的時間副詞子句:

常與 for 和 since 搭配的時間副詞子句，來表示過去持續到現在的動作或狀態。

Time clauses

When

He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.

Before

We will finish before he arrives.
She (had) left before I telephoned.

After

We will finish after he comes.
She ate after I (had) left.

While

She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.

As

As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.

By the time

By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.

Until

We waited until he finished his homework.

Till

I'll wait till you finish.

Since

I have played tennis since I was a young boy.

As soon as

He will let us know as soon as he decides.
He will let us know as soon as he has decided.

參考
http://esl.about.com/library/grammar/blgr_adverbclauses_time.htm

時間副詞與子句

本篇的目的在蒐集時間副詞與子句，常常在對話的時候不知道要加哪一個時間副詞才好，要不然就是加了時間卻搞錯時態，尤其是某一些時間副詞可以存在多種時態之中 (* 代表)。

Past

過去的某個時間點

A few years ago
A few years ago, not many people lived here.

Fifty years ago
Fifty years ago, people walked everywhere.

In the 1940s
World War II took place in the 1940s.

the other day 幾天之前
I saw your friend the other day. 前幾天我看到你朋友

過去某段時間

From 1960 to 1970
The Beatles performed together from 1960 to 1970.

During the Second World War
They met and fell in love with each other during the Second World War.

* Recently 最近，近來
Something happened recently.
說明：常用於完成式或過去式

* For ten years
I lived in Taiwan for ten years.
我曾經住在台灣十年

過去某段時間一直到現在

* For ten years
I have lived in Taiwan for ten years.
我住在台灣已十年了

* Recently 最近，近來
Recently she has changed enormously.

Lately 近來
What have you been doing lately?
說明：語意跟 recently 相同，但通常用於否定句和疑問句

For about the last ten years 最近約十年
I have lived in Taiwan for about the last ten years.

Since 1980
I have lived in Taiwan since 1990.

To date 到目前為止，迄今
To date, we have not received any replies.

So far 到目前為止
So far he has done very well at school.

In successive years 連年不斷，連續幾年
We have had the good harvests in successive years.
說明：通常 in years 指的是未來時間，for years 指的是過去時間，但事實上還是要看語意，本例子指的是過去連續幾年。

那時候

* Then
He worked in that factory then.

At the time
He was very poor at the time.

By 用在過去的時間

*By 一個過去時間點
By the end of the day we had sold over 2000 tickets.
到那天結束為止，我們已售出 2000 張票。

By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel.
到八點的時候，我們已經到旅館了。
說明：by 後面接一個特定的時間，代表發生的事早於或不晚於這段時間。

*By the time
By the time we left work, the sun had set.
當我們下班的時候已經太陽西下了。
By the time we left work, the sun was setting.
當我們下班的時候太陽正要西下。
說明：By the time X, Y。 代表 Y 的時間早於或不晚於 X。

Present

These days 近來
These days, the population is growing so fast.

Nowadays 如今，目前
Nowadays, people drive their cars to commute.

At the present time 目前

Now 現在

Future

Later 待會
I'll tell you later.

Soon 不久之後
Soon, there will be a lot of shopping malls.

* Then 到那時候
Things will be different then.

In two years/weeks/days
In twenty years, people might buy groceries by computer.

In the years to come 未來的日子裡

In the decade ahead 未來十年

The years/days/months ahead
There will be many difficult and challenging days ahead.
以後的日子裡將會是困難和挑戰

In the future
In the future, people are going to use cars even more.

Tonight 今晚
We'll go to a concert tonight.

By 用在未來的時間

*By 一個未來時間點
By the end of today we will have sold over 2000 tickets.
到今天結束為止，我們將售出 2000 張票。

By eight o'clock he will have arrived at my hotel.
到八點的時候，我們將已經到旅館了。
說明：by 後面接一個特定的時間，代表發生的事早於或不晚於這段時間。

*By the time
By the time I leave work, the sun will be setting.
到我們下班的時候將已經太陽西下了。

By the time I leave work, the sun will have set.
到我們下班的時候太陽將正要西下。
說明：By the time X, Y。 代表 Y 的時間早於或不晚於 X。