數量描述 Expressing quantity

數量描述會涉及多種文法，包含可數不可數名詞，代名詞，數量形容詞，線定詞等，利用這次機會搞清楚他們的關係。

形容詞

可數的

a few 一些

He has a few books.

few 極少數，幾乎沒有

He has few books.

(= He has hardly any books.)

many 很多

There are many apples on the table.

several 幾個

He knows several lannguages.

a couple of 兩個，一些

The festival lasts a couple of days.

不可數的

a little 少量，一些

There is a little hope.

little 幾乎沒有

I have little money.

much 許多

Have you much money?

a bit of 一點

Let’s have a bit of hush.

an amount of 一些

He spends an amount of money.

a great deal of 非常多

He has a great deal of (= very much) money.

都可以的

a lot of 很多

Mr. Brown has a lot of money.

A lot of people were killed.

注意：

1. 不要說 "lot of" 或 "a lots of"
2. a lot of 不能接 years 和 days，請接 a lot of time

lots of 很多

I eat lots of vegetables.

enough 足夠的

There is enough water.

I have enough books.

There are enough people.

plenty of 很多，大量

There was always plenty of boiled water in the bottle.

I have plenty of humorous tales

hardly any 幾乎沒有

There was hardly any (= very little ) traffic.

Take 和 Put

Take 語意

移動：移動某人或某物，或帶著某人或某物，從一個地方到另一個地方。

1. Would you mind taking Susie home?
2. Dad took us to the museum last Friday.

動作：與一個名詞搭配，取帶原本的動詞，來描述一個動作。

1. Would you like to take a look?
2. Sara took a deep breath.
3. He took a bath after work.
4. We took a walk through the town after lunch.

移除：將一個東西從一個地方一走

1. Take your feet off the seats.
2. Police say money and jewellery were taken in raid.

花費：花費時間、金錢、力氣

1. It took a few minutes for his eyes to adjust to the dark.
2. It took me ages to find a present for Dad.
3. It takes courage to admit you are wrong.

接受；採取

1. I plan to take biochemistry this semester.
2. Will you take the job?
3. If you take my advice, you'll see a doctor.

Take 片語：

take part in

參加

1. Are you going to take part in the first experiment?
2. Young people should be encouraged to take part in politics.

take offence (at)

因甚麼而生氣

1. Don't take offence. Roger says things like that to everybody.
2. I think he took offence at my lack of enthusiasm.

take place

發生，舉行 (不及物動詞，沒有被動)

1. When will the basketball game take place?

take sth for granted

認為某事屬實

1. I take it for granted you have read this book.
2. He just took it for granted that he would pass the exam.

take off

1. 脫掉、移除
   He sat on the bed to take his boots off.
2. 起飛
   The plane will take off soon.
3. 成功
   Mimi became jealous when Jack's career started taking off.
4. 休假
   Dad took the day off to come with me.
   He took two weeks off in August.

take sth back

1.退貨

We only take goods back if customers can produce the receipt.

2.承認說錯話

I take back what I said (about you being selfish).

take sth in

1.理解、吸收、記住某事

I hope you're taking in what I'm saying.

Half-way through the chapter I realized I hadn't taken anything in.

2.將衣服修改合身

This dress needs to be taken in at the waist.

take on sb

1. 雇用
   They are not taking on any new employees at this time.
2. 挑戰
   He was prepared to take on anyone who laid a finger on us.

Put 片語：

put a stop to sth

制止，避免某事發生或繼續

1. We must put a stop to the fight.
2. The government is determined to put a stop to the demonstrations.

put sb in charge of sth

讓誰負責什麼事

1. Stern put Travis in charge of (= gave him control of ) the research team.

put off sth

延遲

1. He had to put off an appointment with me on account of illness.
2. Don't put off till tomorrow what can be done today.

put sb off

1. 讓人反感，不願意
   The article about factory farming has really put me off eating chicken.
   The accident put her off driving for life.
2. 打攪某人無法集中注意力
   Don't put me off when I'm trying to concentrate.

put sth out

1. 撲滅火
   Firemen soon put the fire out.
2. 脫臼
   She fell off her horse and put her shoulder out.

put away

收好，歸位。注意：不可用 put it away

1. Put away tea things in the cupboard.
2. Put away your tools after work.

put sth on

1. 播放
   Do you mind if I put some music on?
2. 塗抹在皮膚
   She's just putting on her make-up.
3. 穿衣服
   What dress shall I put on for the party?

Email 用語蒐集

稱謂

• Dear Mr. Lee,
• Hi Mike,
• Dear Sir or Madam:
• To Whom May It Concern: (敬啟者)

打招呼

• It's been a while.
• How's everything going with you?
• It's been crazy here. How's everything with you?
• Sorry, it's taken me so long to get back to you.

收尾

• Hope that helps.
• If you have any questions or concerns, please let me know.
• If there's anything else I can help with, just let me know.
• I'm looking forward to hearing from you.

結尾問候語

非常嚴肅，寫給不認識的人，或長官

• Yours faithfully,
• Yours truly,

專業有禮貌，寫給客戶

• Best wishes,
• Best regards,
• Regards,
• Sincerely,

親切，寫給一般朋友

• Warmest regards,
• Best,

Make 與 Do

Do 簡介：

做

I don't know who did it.

Have you done yet?

合適，可用

Will this book do?

過活

How is he doing?

How are you doing?

Do 片語：

do away with sth

廢除、丟棄某東西

I think we should do away pennies. You can't buy anything with them.

People thought that the use of robots would do away with boring low-paid factory jobs.

do sth over

1.重新裝飾

2.重新做某事 (由指一開始做錯)

The whole apartment has been done over in Art Deco style.

Your homework was full of mistakes. You'll have to do it over.

could do with sth

想要或需要某東西

I'm so thirsty. I could do with a cup of tea.

do without sth

無須，沒有某東西而過活

We can't do without water.

Make 簡介

做，製造

He will make me a cake.

A desk is made of wood. (本質不變的原料)

Butter is made from milk. (變化很大的原料)

成為

She will make a good wife.

使...怎樣

His parents made him a doctor.

He made them happy.

John makes me laugh.

Make 的片語

make up for sth

補償，彌補
She doesn't have a natural talent for music but she makes up for it with hard work.
I'm sorry I was late. To make up for it, let me treat to a meal.

make sth up

編造

You didn't believe his story, did you? He make the whole thing up.

說明：make up 實在是一個奇妙的片語，他有幾個不同組合，每各組合都有不同的意思，像 make-up 為化妝品，make up for 為弭補，make sth up 為編造、虛構，make up sth 為準備、組成等等相當多意思，這邊要強調 make sth up ，因為它主要意思為捏造。

make off with sth

偷走

Thieves broke into the mansion and made off with jewelry and antique paintings.

Someone has made off with my purse.

make (sth) of sth/sb

了解

What do you make of (i.e. think of) the new manager?

Make 與 Do 的差異

make a good impression

make arrangements

make a decision

make a difference

make an effort

make a suggestion

do me a favor

do research

do business

do a good job

完成式與完成進行式

在多本文法書中，完成式與完成進行式是一樣的東西，只是完成進行式多帶持續進行的味道，但在國外網站，跟我的外語老師卻不這樣認為。
在我的完成式筆記中完成式有三種含意

1. 經驗
2. 已完成的動作
3. How long，過去到現在持續的動作或狀態

完成進行式符闔第三種意義，他也可形容過去到現在持續的動作，但他並不適合表示經驗或已完成的動作。
我們先就持續動作來討論，兩者時態都表示過去到現在持續的動作或狀態，但之間有微小差別，為什麼說微小差別，因為就文法而言兩者可能都沒錯，只是強調的東西不同。

完成與持續的差別

同樣是過去到現在持續的動作或狀態

完成式著重於

• 動作可能說的時候完成了
• 動作在說的當下之後不會再發生

完成進行式著重於

• 一個連續的動作
• 在說得當下動作還未完成，只有部分完成

例句

I have done my homework.

我已做完功課了

I have been doing my homework.

我已開始做功課了 (強調我已經花時間在做功課了)

重覆的動作

說明：完成式的動作式連續的，而完成進行式的動作有重複的意思。

He has been knocking the door for 10 minutes.
他已敲門十分鐘了 (表示敲一會停一下再敲)
He has knocked the door for 10 minutes.
他已持續敲門十分鐘了

He has been sneezing all the morning.
他整個早上在打噴嚏

由於一個噴嚏只有一秒，無法直接使用完成式，但使用完成進行式，代表他沒事就來個噴嚏，持續一個早上。

Engineers have worked to save the Tower of Pisa!

Engineers have been working to save the Tower of Pisa!

工程師已經開始工作來拯救比薩斜塔。

完成式
完成進行式

(引用 Grammar-Quizzes.com )

總計與比率

說明：完成式在談經驗的時候，常用次數的副詞來搭配，比如說我去過日本兩次，但完成進行式完全不可以如此表示。

I have written 5 letters.

我已寫五封信

I have been writing for an hour.

我寫信已經一小時 (完成進行重點只能強調時程)

常駐與暫時

說明：暫時是完成進行式的特性之一，因為這一點常讓人搞混。

James has lived in this town for 10 years.

詹姆士已住在鎮上十年了 (表示他是常駐居民)

James has been living here for a year.

詹姆士在鎮上住一年了 (表示他是暫時住這)

完成進性式的禁用情況

以下情形不可以用完成進性式

• 總計的時候，He have sold 5 books，對於已完成的事件記數，無法使用完成進行式。
• 被動，被動時請直接使用現在完成式，The book have been sold.
• 動詞特性，某些動詞無法ING，當然也無法完成進行式。如表示感覺或感情的詞，如：hear, see, smell, taste, feel, seem, notice, hate, love, like, want, wish, refuse, prefer, forgive等。 表示存在或所屬的詞，如：exist, stay, remain, obtain, have, own, form, contain等。 表示認識或理解的詞，如：understand, know, remember, forget, believe, think, doubt等。再比如表示結果的動詞，如：find表示找到，那就也不能加ing,see表示看見時，也不能加ing 。

參考：

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro

我的完成式筆記

簡述：完成式就是 Up to now，到目前為止，與現在有關的動作或狀態。
詳述用法：

1. 經驗
2. 已完成的動作
3. How long，過去到現在持續的動作或狀態

經驗

說明：沒有特別提到時間，句尾加了次數的完成式句子，通常就是指經驗。

I have met him once [twice].
我見過他一[兩]次。

He has visited me several times.
他訪問過我幾次。

Jason has gone to New Zealand.

He has been to Rain's concert.

How many times have you gone to Wu Lai?

Have you ever been kissed by a dog?

She has never been on a date.

A:Have you been to Japan?
B:Yes, I have often been to Japan.
B:I have been there many times.

題外話：我的外語老師說 I have been to Japan. 跟 I have gone to Japan. 是一樣的東西。暫且相信他，雖然國中英語老師說不一樣。可參考此。

搭配的副詞:

頻率副詞，如：often、always、never、ever。或者直接表明次數，如：once、twice、~times。時間副詞用於表經驗的完成式的話，可用 before。

已完成的動作

說明：生活日常的小動作，比如吃飯，用以表示到目前為止動作的完成，我們不會說吃飯為經驗而是已完成的動作，通常會與 already、yet 搭配。

I have finished my work.

我已完成我的工作了。

Mr. White has already left the office.

懷特先生已離開辦公室。

Mr. White has just left, but he will be back at three o'clock.

I haven't seen the movie yet.

搭配的時間副詞:

一些包含現在但還未結束的時間，適合來搭配表已完成動作的完成式。

Today、Lately、Recently、Now、This morning\afternoon\evening\day\week\month\year。

Have you read the newspaper today?

你今天讀了這份報紙了嗎?

What have you been doing lately?

最近還好嗎？

I have not worked hard this week.

We have had very little rain this year.

Has Kevin taken a shower today?

持續

說明：通常完成式中出現一段時間，十之七八就是表示從過去到現在持續的動作。

I have lived here for ten years.

我住在已經十年了 (現在仍住在這)

John has known him since ten years ago.

約翰十年前就認識他了

It has been five years since I join the company.

進這家公司已經五年了

He has been absent for many days.

How long has Kevin known Jason?

He has not played with Mary in a week.

搭配的時間副詞子句:

常與 for 和 since 搭配的時間副詞子句，來表示過去持續到現在的動作或狀態。

Time clauses

When

He was talking on the phone when I arrived.
When she called, he had already eaten lunch.
I washed the dishes when my daughter fell asleep.
We'll go to lunch when you come to visit.

Before

We will finish before he arrives.
She (had) left before I telephoned.

After

We will finish after he comes.
She ate after I (had) left.

While

She began cooking while I was finishing my homework.

As

As I was finishing my homework, she began cooking.

By the time

By the time he finished, I had cooked dinner.
We will have finished our homework by the time they arrive.

Until

We waited until he finished his homework.

Till

I'll wait till you finish.

Since

I have played tennis since I was a young boy.

As soon as

He will let us know as soon as he decides.
He will let us know as soon as he has decided.

參考
http://esl.about.com/library/grammar/blgr_adverbclauses_time.htm