時間副詞與子句

本篇的目的在蒐集時間副詞與子句，常常在對話的時候不知道要加哪一個時間副詞才好，要不然就是加了時間卻搞錯時態，尤其是某一些時間副詞可以存在多種時態之中 (* 代表)。

Past

過去的某個時間點

A few years ago
A few years ago, not many people lived here.

Fifty years ago
Fifty years ago, people walked everywhere.

In the 1940s
World War II took place in the 1940s.

the other day 幾天之前
I saw your friend the other day. 前幾天我看到你朋友

過去某段時間

From 1960 to 1970
The Beatles performed together from 1960 to 1970.

During the Second World War
They met and fell in love with each other during the Second World War.

* Recently 最近，近來
Something happened recently.
說明：常用於完成式或過去式

* For ten years
I lived in Taiwan for ten years.
我曾經住在台灣十年

過去某段時間一直到現在

* For ten years
I have lived in Taiwan for ten years.
我住在台灣已十年了

* Recently 最近，近來
Recently she has changed enormously.

Lately 近來
What have you been doing lately?
說明：語意跟 recently 相同，但通常用於否定句和疑問句

For about the last ten years 最近約十年
I have lived in Taiwan for about the last ten years.

Since 1980
I have lived in Taiwan since 1990.

To date 到目前為止，迄今
To date, we have not received any replies.

So far 到目前為止
So far he has done very well at school.

In successive years 連年不斷，連續幾年
We have had the good harvests in successive years.
說明：通常 in years 指的是未來時間，for years 指的是過去時間，但事實上還是要看語意，本例子指的是過去連續幾年。

那時候

* Then
He worked in that factory then.

At the time
He was very poor at the time.

By 用在過去的時間

*By 一個過去時間點
By the end of the day we had sold over 2000 tickets.
到那天結束為止，我們已售出 2000 張票。

By eight o'clock he had arrived at my hotel.
到八點的時候，我們已經到旅館了。
說明：by 後面接一個特定的時間，代表發生的事早於或不晚於這段時間。

*By the time
By the time we left work, the sun had set.
當我們下班的時候已經太陽西下了。
By the time we left work, the sun was setting.
當我們下班的時候太陽正要西下。
說明：By the time X, Y。 代表 Y 的時間早於或不晚於 X。

Present

These days 近來
These days, the population is growing so fast.

Nowadays 如今，目前
Nowadays, people drive their cars to commute.

At the present time 目前

Now 現在

Future

Later 待會
I'll tell you later.

Soon 不久之後
Soon, there will be a lot of shopping malls.

* Then 到那時候
Things will be different then.

In two years/weeks/days
In twenty years, people might buy groceries by computer.

In the years to come 未來的日子裡

In the decade ahead 未來十年

The years/days/months ahead
There will be many difficult and challenging days ahead.
以後的日子裡將會是困難和挑戰

In the future
In the future, people are going to use cars even more.

Tonight 今晚
We'll go to a concert tonight.

By 用在未來的時間

*By 一個未來時間點
By the end of today we will have sold over 2000 tickets.
到今天結束為止，我們將售出 2000 張票。

By eight o'clock he will have arrived at my hotel.
到八點的時候，我們將已經到旅館了。
說明：by 後面接一個特定的時間，代表發生的事早於或不晚於這段時間。

*By the time
By the time I leave work, the sun will be setting.
到我們下班的時候將已經太陽西下了。

By the time I leave work, the sun will have set.
到我們下班的時候太陽將正要西下。
說明：By the time X, Y。 代表 Y 的時間早於或不晚於 X。

單字快記(二)

相像的單字組

第一組
effect [ɪˈfɛkt]
及物動詞
1.造成
2.達到(目的)
He effected several important changes. 他完成了幾項重要的改革。

名詞
效果，效力，作用，影響
This had a great effect upon the future of both mother and son. 這對母子倆的將來影響很大。

線上字典：
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affect [əˈfɛkt]
不當作名詞
及物動詞
1.影響
The amount of rain affects the growth of crops. 雨量影響作物的生長。
2.假裝
He affected not to see her. 他假裝沒看見她。

線上字典：
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第二組
dispute
爭論

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depute
1. 指定
2.委任

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repute
名氣，聲望

線上字典：
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impute
歸咎於

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第三組
presume
假設，推測

線上字典：
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resume
1.動詞：重新開始,繼續
2.名詞：履歷

線上字典：
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assume
假定為，(想當然地)認為

線上字典：
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consume
消耗,花費

線上字典：
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三字動詞片語 Three-word phrasal verbs

break up with
和某人分手
例句：
Jennifer has broken up with her boyfriend again.
附註：
(break up=打碎)

come up with
1.想出
2.趕上
例句：
He came up with a great idea for our class reunion.
He could not come up with a proper answer.
附註：
(come up=出現，開始)

look forward to
期待、盼望
例句：
I have been looking forward to seeing you.
They are looking forward to her visit.
I look forward to hearing from you.

cut down on
減少(數量、活動等)
例句：
He tried to cut down on smoking but failed.
So many floods have cut down on the production of peanuts.
附註：
(cut down=砍倒樹，縮短)

keep up with
1.跟上、趕上
2.保持聯絡
例句：
Because of his rigid thoughts, it is difficult for him to keep up with the times.
They walked so fast that I could not keep up with them.
附註：
(keep up=維持)

put up with
忍受、忍耐
例句：
She could hardly put up with that fellow any longer.
I had to put up with many inconveniences.
附註：
(put up=1.建造，搭帳篷 2.舉起 3.安排...住宿)

get along with
與...和睦相處
例句：
Do you get along with your older brother?
My girlfriend doesn't get along with her roommate.
附註：
(get along=過活，前進)

take care of
1.照顧
2.處理
例句：
Please take care of the baby for me for a while.
Bill can't take care of his own finances.
附註：
(take care=小心，注意)

cut out for
合適(工作)
用法：
to be cut out to be， To be cut out for
例句：
She is cut out for a saleswoman.
附註：
(cut out=剪斷，切斷)

make up for
補償，彌補
例句：
She doesn't have a natural talent for music but she makes up for it with hard work.
I'm sorry I was late. To make up for it, let me treat to a meal.
附註：
(make up=組成，編造)

名詞子句

名詞子句包含關係子句

• One thing I'd really miss is my mom's cooking.
• Something I'd be nervous about is making new friends.
• Two people I'd call every day are my parents.
• One thing I'd definitely be fascinated by is trying new food.
• My room at home is something I'd really miss.
• Getting lost in a new city is one thing I'd be insecure about.
• Communicating in a new language is something I'd be anxious about.

名詞子句包含動名詞

• One of the most difficult aspects of working abroad is being far away from my family.
• The most rewards of being a teacher is helping people learn things that they couldn't learn on their own.
• One of the most interesting aspects of working abord is learning how people in other cultures live and think.
• What's one of the most difficult things anout being an emergency-room nurse?
• The saddest aspect of being a vet is dealing with animals you cannot save.
• One of the rewards of being unemployed is having a lot of time for yourself.
• The most challenging thing about doing volunteer work is finding the time.

modal+have

描述後悔的事，過去應該怎樣

• I should have studied something more practical when I was in college.
• I shouldn't have waited so long to choose a major.
• I should have been more conscientious when I was young.
• I shouldn't have been argumetative with my boss.
• I shouldn't have been completely rebellious when I was a student.

描述假設的情況

• If I'd been more ambitious in colledge, I could have learned another language.
• If I hadn't wasted so much money last year, I would have my own apartment.
• Id I'd listened my parents, I would have made more pragmatic decisions.
• If I'd been more active , I wouldn't be overweight.

猜測發生什麼事

幾乎確定得猜測

• She must have left already.
• She must not have turned on her cell phone.

有可能的猜測

• She may/might have forgotten the time.
• She may/might not have remembered the time.
• Her car could have borken down.
• She couldn't have been at home.

給建議、勸告對方

• You should have called her on the phone.
• She shouldn't have kept your notes this long.
• You could have been more understanding.
• I wouldn't have lent my notes to her this week before a test.

Tag question 附加問句

肯定的敘述用否定的附加問句，否定的敘述用肯定的附加問句。

• Health insurance is really expensive, isn't it?
• There are lots of criminals in the city, aren't there?
• Child care isn't cheap, is it?
• There aren't enough police, are there?

簡單的現在式和過去式如果用非BE 動詞，使用 do / did / does 來當作附加問句。

• Graffiti makes everything look ugly, doesn't it?
• People don't care about our city, do they?
• He read this book, didn't he?

完程式或過去完成式的句子，都使用 have / has 來當作附加問句，不使用 had。

• He's read this book, hasn't he?
• You have been to London, haven't you?
• They had been dating for two years before they got married, haven't they?

使用助動詞的敘述，使用相同的助動詞。

• Colleges should provide day care, shouldn't they?
• You can't find affordable child care, can you?
• Traffic laws must be enforced, mustn't it?

may, might, 和 ought to 沒有相對應的附加問句，通常會用 right 或 yes 或 no 或 don't you agree 。

• You may not have arrived by then, right?
• You might have arrived by then, no?

I am not 的句子會接 am I，但 I am 的句子會接 aren't I。

• I'm not the worst in the class, am I?
• I am right, aren't I?

處理 nothing 或 nobody 為主詞時，以否定描述處理。

• Nothing came in the post, did it?

其它特殊附加問句

• You have to go, don't you?
• Let's go, shall we?
• He'd better do it, hadn't he?

單字快記

蒐集一些常常搞混的單字

第一組(發音)

excess [ɪkˈsɛs] [ikˈses]
超越,超過

線上字典：
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n詞酷

exist [ɪgˈzɪst]
存在

線上字典：
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n詞酷

exit [ˈɛksɪt] [ˈeksit]
出口

線上字典：
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n詞酷

第二組(字義)

arise
1.(問題、困難、疑問、結果)產生
2.(太陽、霧等)升起

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n詞酷

raise
1.增加，提升
2.舉起，抬高
3.募兵，募款

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n詞酷

rise
1.抬高 (不及物V，及物V 會用 raise)
2.起立
3.上升
...非常多字義，請查字典

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n詞酷

arouse
1.引起，激起
2.醒來，睡醒

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n詞酷